Low back pain (LBP) represents a spectrum of different types of pain (nociceptive, neuropathic, 2 nociplastic, non-specific) that frequently overlap. The elements comprising the lumbar spine (soft 3 tissue, vertebrae, zygapophyseal and sacroiliac joints, intervertebral discs, and neurovascular 4 structures) are prone to different stressors, and each of these, alone or in combination, may 5 contribute to LBP. Due to numerous factors related to LBP and the low specificity of imaging and 6 diagnostic injections, diagnostic modalities for this condition continue to be a subject of 7 controversy. The biopsychosocial model posits LBP to be a dynamic interaction between social, 8 psychological and biological factors that can both predispose to and result from injury, and 9 should be considered when devising interdisciplinary treatment plans. Prevention of LBP is 10 recognized as a pivotal challenge in high-risk populations to help tackle high healthcare costs 11 related to therapy and rehabilitation. To a large extent, therapy depends on pain classification, 12 and usually starts with self-care and pharmacotherapy in combination with non-pharmacological 13 modalities such as physical therapies and psychological treatments in appropriate patients. For 14 refractory LBP, a wide range of non-surgical (eg epidural steroid injections and spinal cord 15 stimulation for neuropathic pain, and radiofrequency ablation and intra-articular steroid 16 injections for mechanical pain) and surgical (eg decompression for neuropathic pain, disc 17 replacement and fusion for mechanical etiologies) treatment options are available in carefully 18 selected patients. Majority of the current treatment options address only single, solitary etiology 19 and given the complex nature of LBP; a multimodal interdisciplinary approach is necessary. 20