We have previously shown that the human developing pancreas, as a tissue under construction and remodeling, is composed of epithelial ducts and differentiated endocrine cells surrounded by mesenchyme. The physiologic importance of resident tissue leukocytes, expected to enter through the mesenchyme in remodeling functions, prompted us to investigate human developing pancreases for the presence of leukocyte lineages and for expression of cytokines and receptors involved in their recruitment and differentiation. Immunohistochemistry studies were performed on 69 human, paraffin-embedded pancreases at 6–12 weeks of development (WD). Cytokines and receptor transcripts were monitored by reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, by immunohistochemistry when antibodies were available or by in situ hybridization (ISH). We show that numerous cells expressing CD45RA, HLADR and CD68 antigens are cellular components of the mesenchyme of all the pancreases at 6–12 WD. So-called constitutive chemokines (SLC (CCL19), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1)(CXCL12)) and a macrophage-specific growth/survival factor, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), were detected in epithelial duct cells. Both epithelial and mesenchymal cells expressed chemokine receptors, suggesting a role in leukocyte recruitment and possibly in early pancreatic development. In conclusion, we demonstrated the presence of CD45RA resident leukocytederived lineages, mostly macrophages, in the early human pancreatic mesenchyme. These cells may have migrated in the tissue through the vascular system, attracted by constitutively expressed chemokines, and locally surviving through CSF1 signaling. The role of macrophages in epithelium/mesenchyme interaction-mediated pancreatic development remains to be demonstrated.